The Undermining Of Nationalism By Globalization Essay

The Undermining Of Nationalism By Globalization - Essay Example Since nationalism focuses on the patriotic feeling, globalization does not have any such attachments so to speak (Taylor 2002). The element of a proper national identity seems amiss when one discusses the finer aspects related to globalization, as this has added to the internationalization of individuals, companies, and events in entirety. There is a great deal of learning at hand with regards to nationalism and globalization which will be discerned and discussed in the context of this paper. Nationalism is a combination of the national rights that an individual has for his own nation. But globalization does not agree with the same premise. Therefore nationalism has more relation with the nationalistic stance as compared to the globalization debate. In some viewpoints, nationalism goes one step ahead of globalization and hurts its cause. Therefore it would not be wrong to suggest here that the nationalism regimes get seriously undermined by the globalization approaches that are undertaken every now and then. The companies have also held on to this belief for a long time now, especially with the advent of the globalization realms which have shaped up the world, and have played their vital role at changing perspectives. Since individuals and corporations have long relied on the extent and positives attached to the phenomenon of nationalism, globalization has taken a nosedive especially within the quarters of the patriotic feelings and sentiments (Moeller 2006). However this cannot be said with reference to the business conglomerates, multinational organizations and business corporations of repute who have for long believed in the premise of going global and staying within the national domains as well. There are some hindrances in terms of studying the globalization ranks but one thing which assures the debate is that globalization is here to stay as it brings quite a few positives which the phenomenon of nationalism has been unable to inculcate or provide in the recent past. Nationalism can be taken control over yet globalization remains an entity which is still unexplored and there is much to learn in the coming days (Guibernau 1996). Globalization is a very strong and mighty phenomenon which can easily absorb the nationalism concept yet nationalism keeps on coming back to haunt the basis of globalization in the current times.

Canadian Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Canadian Government - Essay Example Canada is a democratic country, practicing what is known as the liberal form of democracy (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 8). This paper purports to discuss and analyze the different types of democratic governments in relation to the Canadian political system, highlighting some of the pros and cons of the practiced form. As already mentioned, the Canadian government is liberal in nature. Liberal democracy essentially imparts greater freedom to the public than is offered by the simple definition of democracy which merely empowers the general public to choose their political representatives through voting and elections (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 8). Liberal democracy ensures greater empowerment through three stipulations: the government works within a legally defined parameter and is checked by rules and laws, written in the form of a constitution; the public has freedom to gather and express political views through a free media and open access to information; and the political representati ves compete in a fair election where the public is free to choose amongst them through open voting (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 8). A democratic government, be it liberal or otherwise, can be of one of two basic forms: direct and representative or indirect. The direct form of democratic government is essentially what was practiced in the Greek politics, where the general public is literally given the power to choose and plan every law and policy that the government proposes and wishes to implement (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 7). These policies and laws are voted upon by the public, so that the voting system is not restricted merely to the election of the representatives (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 7). However, this system is not appropriate and practical for the modern day complex societies (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 7). Therefore, an indirect method of democracy is practiced whereby the public chooses their representatives who then make the appropriate laws and policies without public intervention (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 7). The government, in this case, is authorized to implement policies even by force, that is, through the use of the police and military, and other government agencies (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 7). The public chooses the representatives that it considers to best serve their interests (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 7). The parties prepare an agenda beforehand on the basis of which they fight the elections. This agenda is often the only way of predicting the party’s course of action once it is in authority (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 7). In turn, the government, at least that of Canada, is expected to be responsible, that is, it is answerable to the public, and has duties in the social and economic fields that it needs to fulfill to make the state a welfare state (Mintz, Tossutti, and Dunn 7). The representative form of democracy is

BP Corporate Governance

BP Corporate Governance The concept of corporate governance is the system by which business corporation are directed and controlled. The three main aspect of good corporate governance are seen in shareholder right, transparency and board accountability. (Corporate governance by Alan Calder 2008). Definition: Corporate governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goal and between individual and common goal and aim is to align as nearly as possible the interests of individual, corporation and society (Sir Adrian Cadbury, 1999). Using the British Petroleum case, we develop a model of efficient corporate governance addressing all facets of the society in which corporations exist such as economic, ethical, political, and social. These facets determine the norms by which corporate decisions are judged. Without incorporating every facet into decisions, companies will eventually fall short and company just cant do the things in profit motive by sacrificing the moral and ethical issues British Petroleum failed in averting the Mexico oil spill due to lack of coordination between board and chairman and interlacing all the facets of society in the corporate decision making process. This failure contributed to the mismanagement of the company by a relatively detached board of directors who failed to assimilate high ethical management standards into the foundation of decision making process. This model developed here will help companies in addressing the appropriate system of corporate governance which serves as a foundation to avert failure through the practice of high ethical patterns of behavior which are needed to survive in the modern business world. Case analysis and discussion By late 2010,the British Petroleum has become a cause cà ©là ¨bre amongst those concerned with corporate governance and particularly with the social, ethical and environmental responsibilities of business In the 21st century, corporate governance has become critical for medium and large organisation. The organization which fallows corporate guidelines strategy performs well than compared to organization which does not adhere to the guidelines. Corporation work with governance framework which is first set by law and then by regulation emanating from the regulatory bodies to which they are subject. The chairman and Boards of directors are responsible for the Mexico disaster as they not properly scrutinised the outsourcing to the partner and we call as leadership failure. The responsibilities of the board include setting the companys strategic aims, providing the leadership to put them into effect, supervising the management of the business and reporting to shareholders on their stewardship. It will be critically analyses the corporate governance structure of British Petroleum and its related issues regarding the corporate social responsibility. British Petroleum Corporate Governance structure Board structure British Petroleum Board fallows unitary board structure, characterized by one single board comprising both executive and non executive directors. The unitary board is responsible for all aspects of the company activities and all the directors are working to achieve the same ends. The shareholders elect the directors to the board at the company annual general meeting. The Board of British Petroleum focuses more on Agency theory which take into account of principle- agent framework. The work of Jensen and Meckling (1976) in particular, and of Fama and Jensen (1983), are associated with this Agency theory (Corporate governance -Christine A Mallin). In Agency Theory, in the context of corporation and issues of corporate control, agency theory views corporate governance mechanisms, especially the board of directors as agent to monitor the functioning of management or the corporation. The focus of the theory is on design proper incentives measure and implementing those incentives and monitoring the performance. Economic performance is vital, and increasing shareholder value is deemed good. Agency theory, however, is not able to address the issues of non-direct shareholder interests such as political pressures and societal expectations from firms such as British Petroleum The corporate governance structure of a firm should provide the medium of norms and best practices which balance the needs of all stakeholders of the firm. Therefore, the model of corporate governance structure for firms must include economic, political, social and ethical norms for decision making in order for firms to gain and retain legitimacy which leads to resources and survival. British Petroleum Plc board governing principle is as fallows. The BP Board is responsible for the direction and oversight of BP plc (BP) on behalf of the shareholders and is accountable to them, as owners, for all aspects of BPs business. The Board recognize that in conducting its business, BP should be receptive to other relevant constituencies. British Petroleum believes that good corporate governance involves to specify the role and responsibilities and the proper utilisation of distinct skills and processes. The Board therefore focuses on activities that enable it to promote shareholders interests, such as the consideration of long-term strategy, the monitoring of executive action, and ongoing Board and executive management succession. The board gives clear guide lines for the allocation of authority for the executive management of BP through the group Chief Executive (GCE) and these can be seen in the Governing principle The BP Goal The Goal of British petroleum is to maximize the shareholders value by investing the resources to activities in the oil, natural gas, petrochemical and energy business. The role of the Board The Board is collectively responsible for pursuing the BP Goal and is accountable to shareholders for all the actions of BP. The Boards role is to govern BP by discharging its sole responsibilities, which include Focus primarily on strategic issues; Regard to economic, political and social issues and any other relevant external Matters which may influence or affect the development of BPs business; and Exemplify through these Board Principles and its expectations for the conduct of the BP business and its employees. The Board and its processes The Board will take into confidence and seek to obtain the view of the shareholder as a whole, the board will decide the agenda for the financial year and these will be done with consultation of chairman, general chief executive and company secretary. Discussion at Board meetings will be open and constructive and the record will be kept confidential, unless there is a specific decision or legal requirement to make disclosure. The entire director can obtain independent professional advice relating to directors own responsibilities and the affairs of BP. Board Composition and Compensation Composition, Size, Independence and Tenure The Board comprise a experienced individuals with appropriate range of knowledge and working principle in Experience in dealing with strategic issues and long-term perspectives; Leadership experience, a superior knowledge of business principles and capacity Independent thought; Ability to participate constructively in deliberations; and Willingness to exercise authority in a collective manner. The director are elected annually by shareholder and half of director excluding the chairman, are non-executive director. Board and Director Evaluation The Board will evaluate its own working condition and performance including the work of its committees and this is done to keep the efficiency of the board. The performance and contribution of individual directors as members of the Board will be reviewed periodically, with the Chairmans performance being reviewed annually. The non executive will monitor the work of General chief Executive, the performance of the Executive directors will be monitored by the GCE and Non-Executive directors. Board Induction and Education All the directors will be given induction and training program for enable them to fulfil their responsibilities as directors, all the directors especially non-executive directors are prepared give sufficient time for the discharge of their BP responsibilities. The board will be kept informed by the directors through company secretary. The Nomination Committee will keep under review the commitments of Non-Executive directors and make recommendations to the Board if the Committee concludes that a directors other commitments are inconsistent with those required by BP. Role of the Chairman The Chairman will the leader of the board and act as facilitator, and has authority to act and speak for the board meeting on matter relating to the board principle. The Chairman is empowered to make any decision, establish any policy, take any action or enter into any obligation which is consistent with the Board Principles. and, in so doing, may interpret the Board Principles in any reasonable manner. The Chairman will ensure that systems are in place to provide directors with accurate, timely and clear information to enable the Board to consider properly all matters before it. The Chairman is responsible for ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of the Board Principles. The chairman role is clearly followed as per Sir Adrian Cadbury observation the primary task of chairman is to chair the board. This is the work they have been appointed to do and, however the duties at the top of the company may be divided. Chairing the board is their responsibility alone (p. 78). He clear highlights an important difference between CEOs and chairman. This principle is adhered by the British Petroleum as per Sir Adrian Cadbury statement on chairman. Role of the Deputy Chairman The Deputy Chairman will play as role of chairman in his absence and deputy Chairman normally serve as the Boards Senior Independent Director and will be accessible to shareholders who have concerns that cannot be addressed through normal channels. The Company Secretary The company secretary is selected by the nomination committee and all the board members have access to the advise and service of company secretary. The Company Secretary is responsible for advising the Board and the Committees on  all governance matters, ensuring that Board procedures are followed, that the applicable laws and regulations for the conduct of the affairs of the Board are complied with and for all matters associated with the maintenance of the board Board Committees The Board consists of permanent committee which are as The Chairmans Committee, Safety, Ethics and Environment Assurance Committee (SEEAC), Remuneration Committee, Audit Committee, Nomination Committee Chairmans Committee: Consist of chairman and all non-executive Directors and it work include; Evaluate the performance and the efficiency of the GCE Review the structure and systems for senior executive development and determine the succession plan for the GCE, the Executive directors and other senior members  of executive management Determine any other matter which is appropriate to be considered by all of the  Non-Executive directors Safety, Ethics and Environment Assurance Committee: consist of four to six Non-Executive Directors and it work include Monitor and obtain assurance that the management or mitigation of significant BP risks of a non-financial nature is appropriately addressed by the GCE Receive and review regular reports from the GCE or his delegate, the Group Internal  Auditor and the Group Compliance and Ethics Officer regarding the GCEs adherence  to the relevant Executive Limitations and his management in responding to risk Review material to be placed before shareholders which addresses environmental,  safety and ethical performance and make recommendations to the Board about  their adoption and publication Remuneration Committee: Consist of at least three Non-Executive Directors and it work include Determine the terms of engagement and remuneration of the GCE and the Executive directors and to report on those to shareholders   Determine on behalf of the Board matters of policy over which BP has authority  relating to the establishment or operation of BPs pension scheme of which the Audit Committee: Consist four to six Non-Executive Directors and it work include Monitor and obtain guarantee that the GCEs internal control system is in place and implemented effectively in the observance of the audit and relevant toExecutive Limitations Review regular reports from the GCE or his delegate, the Group Internal Auditor and the Group Compliance and Ethics Officer which evidence the GCEs adherence to the relevant Executive Limitations and his management in responding to risk Review all financial disclosure documents including quarterly results, annual accounts, prospectuses, information and offering memoranda to be placed before shareholders or filed with regulatory bodies and make recommendations to the Board about their adoption and publication Nomination Committee: Consist of chairman and chairs of SEEAC, Audit and Remuneration committee and it work include Categorise recommend candidates for appointment or reappointment as directors and company secretary Review the mix of knowledge, skills and experience of the Board to ensure the orderly succession of directors Evaluate outside directorship/commitments of the Non-Executive directors Risk and Internal Control The GCE will not cause or permit BP to operate without a comprehensive system  of controls and internal audit to identify and manage the risks that are material to BP,  to protect BPs assets and to monitor the application of BPs resources in a manner  which meets the standards of external auditors. (BP governing plc extract from bp.com) Weakness of corporate governance structure in British petroleum In the wake up of Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the corporate governance structure and the governing principle collapsed , the oil giant send uncharismatic leader, chief executive Tony Hayward to placate its major partners and stakeholder. Instead, BP should quickly provide new leadership and replace its ineffective top decision-makers. That would be just the first step in trying to win back the confidence of its partners and regaining investors trust while it continues to work on stopping the massive oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico and cleaning up the environmental disaster its created,The Financial Times in an editorial on July 6 said theres an urgent need for changes at the top of BP. And foremost investor Warren Buffett has said Hayward needs to be replaced for the good of both BP and the U.S. The FT made clear what it believes BP should do: There is no question that top management will have to be changed following the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. It noted that BPs response has exposed shortcomings in leadership and presentation.(Gene Marcial, financial columnist in Daily finance 7/12/2010) Analyst Lucy Haskins of Barclays Capital in a recent report noted that there are serious corporate governance questions given the magnitude of events at BP, which she describes as structurally disadvantaged. Haskin advises BPs nonexecutive directors should should change the whole corporate governing system of the company, like appointing new CEO and new leadership team.(Analyst Lucy Haskins of Barclays Capital in financial times December 2010) As we can see, on paper, BP addressed the management teams responsibilities in their corporate governance program. It is this same program that is being rated by Management Excellence and ranked accordingly. BP ranked number three on the list and surprising to many as BP ethics are based solely on board structure and policies. If the rating were based on management actions then we would have a new ranking, as ethics should be based on the verbs that management take in the day-to-day operations of the company; not the policies.   Olsen (2005) points to BP having more fatalities than compared to other company and also the recent 11 death in the April 20, 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (Casselman, 2010). Considering death toll of BP and disaster like the Texas Refinery explosion, pipeline leaks, illegal doming, and the Gulf Coast oil leak, we feel some things out of place and the rating system has it wrong, as environmental issues cannot be measured by policy and Procedure but the actual action and their day-to-day activities to gauge the ethical behaviour. Effective boardrooms need to be able to perceive fraud and misdeeds within their organization. To accomplish this, directors need to make sure they have internal controls that monitor, detect, and measure the usefulness of red flags. Employees and management must be properly trained to spot red flags within the scope of their job functions. Properly trained employees and management should be able to spot red flags sooner; leading to a reduction in cost per incident for fraudulent activities within the organization.   Creating an effective board, by utilizing Leblanc and Gillies (2003) model, can strengthen the overall sustainability of an organization. Effective boards have to understand the ethical risks, red flags, and internal controls within their organization. As failure to do so, often leads to a road, no one wishes to go down As per Tony Jackson review in Financial times British Petroleum has a stubborn nature of corporate culture which is difficult to change and also has defective safety culture. If we go through BP annual report which shows its top priorities are safety but it has not adhered to this statement as seen from Texas refinery explosion and Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Independent safety expert has given advise about BP US refinery safety upto to scratch and from we can assume there specific problem of corporate governance, Several investment professionals have said recently that the BP affair underlines the duty of owners to examine companies on safety. The recently refurbished UK Corporate Governance Code lays out the official position. The board, it says, is responsible for determining the nature and extent of the significant risks it is willing to take in achieving its strategic objectives. The board should maintain sound risk management and internal control systems. In other words top level management policy is not carried in execution below and this will make us believe the hypothesis of weak corporate governance in BP. Several institutional investors didnt buy BP share because of before the disaster because of safety worries. These all indicate weakness in safety, Ethics and environment Assurance Committee and actual fact the work is not up to mark of the committee Recommendation for good corporate governance in British Petroleum In general, we would recommend that corporate governance structure should establish a relationship among a company, its shareholders, and society in order to promote a fair, transparent, and accountable principle in an enterprise. Furthermore, the board of directors should be independent from the sphere of influence of the CEO and senior management. The board must bear no material relationship between the corporation and major independent directors. The Board should fallow the combined code of UK and Sarbanes-Oxley act of US as per the company operation of BP Refineries. Corporate governance structure for a particular firm must fulfill with societal norms to maintain legitimacy and resources in that society. In the model of corporate governance structure for firms developed in this manuscript, norms included economic, political, social and ethical norms Further, compliance by all the five groups of corporate governance structure -the Board of Directors external analysts, regulators, outside advisors and management form the model of corporate governance and all the group should remain independent in order to maintain check and balance The more proactive role is needed by the states and companies for the development process aimed at balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability and social cohesion, has motivated the following three interlinked business movements: This can be done by the following way Worldwide reforms on corporate governance. Corporate social responsibility SUMMARY In critically examining the case of British petroleum we have discussed with example of how corporate governance failures directly led to the fall in share price and loss of confidence in investor community. Though it is a helpful example to study and provide a scholarly discussion of the destructive effects a failure of corporate governance structures and corporate social responsibility can have on a companys shareholders, stakeholders, and society in general; a broader analysis leads us to conclude that having a governance structure in place that blends all appropriate norms of ethical, social, political and economic facets of society will have the most lasting and positive impact on all stakeholders. The interaction of all groups in the corporate governance structure is needed to help a corporations abide by best practices at all times. Sound corporate governance give confidence in the investors that the business environment in which the company operates is fair and transparent. It tells investors that that the company is made up of conscientious employees who respect the rights to ethics of care, justice, rights and utility. Overall, the notion of corporate governance is contained in the ethics of care, justice, rights and utility, and this is why it is of supreme importance in all business entities. Reference and Bibliography New UK Corporate Governance Code in force from 29 June 2010 BP plc -Board Governing Principle, September 20,2010 from bp.com Takis katsoulakos and Yannis Kat soulacos, Emerald Group publishing Ltd, Volume. 7 no. 4 2007,pp-355-369, Uche Nwabueze and Joan Mileski, Emerald group publishing Ltd, Volume 8 no .5, pp 583-594 Tony Jackson (2010), BP must ensure Its good intension become reality. Financial times, 27 June Oil spill Panels Reilly Fault Regulator, Wall street Journal(online), New York, March 4th ,2011 Leblanc R Gilllies J(2003), The coming revolution in corporate governance, Ivey Business Journal BP leads nation in Refinery Fatalities, Retrieved (2010), 1st October Ross, M (2008) 1st April, Fraud Red Flags Mallin A C (2010) 3rd edition, Corporate Governance Guler Aras David Crowther (2009), A Handbook of Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility Robert G Monks and Nell Minow(2004), 3rd edition, Corporate Governance Joseph. B. White, Proquest Document ID: 2282002181, Source , Newspaper British Petroleum Annual Report 2011

Beluga Whales :: essays research papers

A. Swimming. 1. In general, beluga whales are slow swimmers. They commonly swim about 3 to 9 kph (1.9-5.6 mph). They are, however, capable of sustaining a maximum speed of 22 kph (13.6 mph) for as long as 15 minutes (Nowak, 1991; Ridgway and Harrison, 1981). 2. Belugas can swim forward and backward (Nowak, 1991). 3. Beluga whales often swim at depths barely covering their bodies (Ridgway and Harrison, 1981). B. Diving. 1. Beluga whales typically don't dive very deep, usually to about 20 m (66 ft.). Belugas are not generally thought of as deep-diving marine mammals, but they are capable of diving to extreme depths. Under experimental conditions a trained beluga whale repeatedly dove to 400 m (1,312 ft.) with ease, and even dove to a depth of 647 m (2,123 ft.) (Nowak, 1991; Ridgway et. al., 1984). 2. A typical dive usually lasts three to five minutes, but belugas can stay submerged for as long as 15 minutes (Nowak, 1991; Ridgway and Harrison, 1981). 3. In estuaries the usual diving sequence lasts about two minutes; the sequence consists of five to six shallow dives followed by a one-minute-long deeper dive (Ridgway and Harrison, 1981). 4. All marine mammals have physiological adaptations for diving. These adaptations enable a beluga whale to conserve oxygen while it's under water. a. Beluga whales, like other marine mammals, have a slower heart rate while diving. A beluga whale's heart rate slows from about 100 to about 12 to 20 beats per minute during a dive (Ridgway, 1972). b. When diving, blood is shunted away from tissues tolerant of low oxygen levels toward the heart, lungs, and brain, where oxygen is needed. c. Beluga whales retain more oxygen in their blood than most mammals do. A beluga whale's blood volume percentage (5.5%) is higher than a land mammal's, and similar to a Weddell seal's (a deep-diving marine mammal). One study found a female beluga to have 16.5 l (17.4 qt.) of oxygen in her blood (Ridgway et. al., 1984). d. The muscle of beluga whales has a high content of the oxygen-binding protein myoglobin. Myoglobin stores oxygen and helps prevent muscle oxygen deficiency. C. Respiration. 1. A beluga whale breathes through a single blowhole, a modified nasal opening. a. The beluga whale holds its breath while under water. b. It opens its blowhole and begins to exhale just before reaching the surface of the water. c.

English †Book Report: The Green Mile Essay

I originally read this book when it was first published as a complete volume in 1998 and it has been my favourite book ever since. I have never read another book that has evoked such emotion, and I have been known to have trouble seeing a few of the pages through my tears. At first glance it is a long book (453 pages), with a rather imposing picture of ‘Old Sparky’, the electric chair, on the front cover. As you read the blurb on the back it manages to fill you with questions about the characters and a taste for more. Like most of Stephen King’s books, The Green Mile is widely considered to be in the horror genre. But personally I don’t think that quite does the book justice and certainly isn’t what I would consider to be classic horror. There are no monsters or zombies, and although there are serial killers and death it is all in context, Death row at Cold Mountain Penitentiary, Southern USA, in the 1930s. The first edition consisted of six thin, low-priced paperbacks, published a month apart in 1996. The story is told form the perspective of Paul Edgecombe, head guard on ‘E Block’ of the penitentiary. Paul is now retired, living in a nursing home, trying to get rid of some of the ghosts from his past by writing a retrospective account of his time working on death row. He has a friend at the nursing home, a fellow resident named Elaine Connelly, who he likes to share his time and thoughts with. Paul comes across as a wise and gentle man who is very sensitive to others feelings. Other than Paul there are five guards that work on E block. Brutus Howell is next in command to Paul, a tall and well built but gentle man, who is not violent unless absolutely necessary. His nickname is, ironically, ‘Brutal’. Then there is Dean Stanton, Harry Terwilliger and Bill Dodge, who are ‘floaters’ and not permanent staff. Lastly is Percy Wetmore. Percy is the nephew of a state warden and the other guards have to be civil to him despite their dislike of him, and Percy knows he is pretty much untouchable and uses it to his advantage. He is young, arrogant and extremely sadistic guard who enjoys goading and tormenting the prisoners when he can – he shouts things like â€Å"Dead man walking† when moving prisoners. The book revolves around John Coffey, a black man of formidable size who is convicted of raping and killing two small white girls. He is very quiet and keeps to himself. He cries an awful lot, and is even afraid of the dark – â€Å"do you leave a light on after bed time† is the first thing he asks when he arrives on E Block. Coffey appears to be of very low intelligence and is the calmest and mildest prisoner the guards have ever seen. Despite this he is imprisoned for allegedly luring the girls away from their home, killing the family guard dog in the process and then committing a very violent and depraved double rape and murder. Other than John Coffey, there are five other prisoners on the cell block over the duration of the book focuses on: Arlen Bitterbuck, nicknamed â€Å"The Chief† because of his Cherokee heritage, convicted of killing a man in a drunken fight; Arthur Flanders, nicknamed â€Å"The Pres†, an insurance executive who killed his father; William Wharton, nicknamed ‘Wild Bill’ by the guards and ‘Billy the Kid’ by himself, an extremely dangerous and unpredictable trouble-maker due to be executed for multiple murders he committed during a robbery; and Eduard Delacroix, a Cajun who is on death row for arson and the murder of seven people. Despite his crimes he is very meek and cowardly which makes him a target for Percy’s abuse. While on death row Delacroix befriends a very intelligent mouse with a penchant for peppermint sweets and names him Mr Jingles. Delacroix teaches the mouse to do tricks and he appears to follow his commands. At first the guards try to kill him, but then everyone becomes rather fond of Mr Jingles. Mr. Jingles shows the loneliness that the men feel on the Mile. They are even willing to take in a mouse. Only Percy still holds a grudge against the mouse, and one day he steps on it. After Percy steps on Mr. Jingles, Coffey uses his powers to save him. After Delacroix is executed, John takes care of the mouse, and a little of his power transfers into it. The other characters are: Hal Moores, The Warden at Cold Mountain Penitentiary and his wife Melinda who is dying of a brain tumor; and Jan Edgecombe, Paul’s Wife. The name of book comes from the nickname given by the guards to the corridor with a green linoleum floor that leads from the cells where the prisoners live to the execution room beyond Paul’s office. Paul finds out Percy is prepared to leave Cold Mountain once he has had the chance to ‘be out front’ and play a key role in an execution. Seeing the bigger picture Paul goes against his instinct and agrees he can be in charge of Delacroix’s execution, with horrendous consequences. Delacroix has several run-ins with Percy and in return, Percy deliberately sabotages Delacroix’s execution by not wetting the sponge on the man’s head before the execution begins, and as a result the electric causes the dry sponge and his head to catch fire leading to a very gruesome death. Paul comes to learn of Coffey’s extraordinary healing abilities when one quiet evening he asks him down to his cell. Paul goes against everything he knows and goes into Coffey’s cell. Coffey touches Paul and in the process heals his urine infection, letting out from his mouth what looks like a cloud of gnats. When asked to explain what he had done could only say that he knew he had helped it. After this and the resurrection of Mr Jingles Paul begins to believe Coffey is innocent of his crimes and was in fact trying to save the little girls he has been accused of murdering. Wanting to help the terminally ill wife of his friend Warden Moores, and with the help of the other guards they drug Wild Bill lock Percy into the padded restraint room, before smuggling Coffey out of the prison site and take him to heal Melinda’s deadly brain tumor using his magical powers. As John Coffey is being smuggled out of E Block, Wild Bill grabs his arm and Coffey senses that Wharton is the true killer of the two girls, the crime for which Coffey has been falsely convicted and sent to death row. When they return to E block, Coffey grabs Percy through the bars of his cell and presses their mouths together. Coffey gives Percy the same ‘sickness’ he drew from the warden’s wife. Whilst in a trance like state Percy shoots Wild Bill six times, killing him. After which Percy falls into a comatose state in which he will stay for the rest of his life. Percy ends up as a patient at the very asylum to which he promised Paul he would transfer after Delacroix’s execution. Despite Coffey’s innocence and incredible ability, he is still executed, partly because of the very racist attitudes of 1930s southern USA. The story then returns to the present, where it is revealed that those healed by Coffey gain an unnatural lifespan. Mr Jingles is revealed as being still alive though he dies at the nursing home. Paul is now 108 and dreads to think how long he himself has left to live, especially after the death of his friend Elaine. As he puts it at the very end, â€Å"We each owe a death, there are no exceptions, I know that, but sometimes, oh God, the Green mile is so long†. Throughout the story, Stephen King’s magical use of description brings the story to life and helps to build up a strong rapport with the characters. The flitting from Paul’s time at the penitentiary back to his time in the nursing home adds depth and gives Paul the opportunity to reflect, which I feel is an important part of the story. Although the book deals with some dramatic and very violent ideas, it does so in a very matter-of-fact way. I think this is mostly down to Paul’s matter-of-fact personality, for example when they are doing a ‘practice’ execution for Arlen Bitterbuck using another man Paul comments on how an inmate’s leg is usually shaved to aid the flow of current and mentions â€Å"Indians have very little body hair as a rule, but we would take no chances†. I would certainly recommend this book to anyone who likes fantasy books or just fancies a bit of a darker read, from young adult upwards. The book explores the realm of the supernatural and opens the possibility that such forces may exist in our world – it certainly gives the imagination a workout. I always have problems putting it down – but then maybe I am a little biased being a hardened fan already.

Types of Power in a Negotiation

What are the five types of power? Referent- power that comes from admiration or respect from others subject to such power Reward- power that comes from using rewards as a way to get things accomplished Legitimate- having a title that grants power, such as CEO Expert- power that comes from having supreme knowledge of the subject Coercive – using punishment as a way to get things done Consider a negotiation with which you are familiar. What parties were identified? Who had power or influence? Explain why.I personally don't find myself negotiating through situations on a daily basis, my work environment is very fast-paced and we usually make decisions very quickly. But I can definitely see these types of power struggles in a family situation or even a marriage. Personally I know I have used the reward and coercive powers to get my kids to do things. Being a parent also gives that legitimate power, I am MOM therefore what I say goes. Based on your experience with a negotiation, ho w does having one or more of the five types of power affect the dynamics of the negotiation?I would have to say that at work our team Leader beyond having legitimate power, he also has referent and expert power. During department meetings to discuss methods to improve our efficiency we all give our feedback and go back and forth with our ideas. It is his knowledge of the company and years of experience that usually provide the most efficient approach to improving our dept. Having the respect from everyone in the department as well as other co-workers initiates the negotiation towards a productive solution.

Governor essays

Governor essays As a citizen of Michigan, I believe you should vote for Dick Posthumus. Under his leadership in the Michigan Senate and as Lieutenant Governor, he has a proven record of great leadership. Dick Posthumus has visions for creating new jobs, cutting taxes, improving schools, and preserving Michigans great outdoors. Under the leadership of Dick Posthumus in the Michigan Senate and as Lieutenant Governor, violent crime in Michigan has dropped to its lowest level in thirty years. Since 1991: 7500 fewer women have been victims of rape, 1000 fewer Michigan families have lost loved ones to homicide, and 22000 fewer people have been robbed. Posthumus has stated, I am proud of the efforts weve made in Michigan to get tough on crime, and as Governor, I will continue the fight to protect our families. He is also concerned with the children in Michigan. He is going to make sure every child can read by the third grade. He has plans of making Michigan schools safe for our kids. He is going to work with Michigan schools to ensure every school has a safety plan to protect our kids. Posthumus has cut taxes over thirty times and he is not going to stop now. He plans on cutting taxes while his opponent Jennifer Granholm says she might have to raise taxes. There is one other big issue that he and his opponent disagree on. Posthumus will require drug testing for welfare recipients because he feels that their children deserve better than that and feels that taxpayers should not be forced to subsidize addiction. Granholm on the other hand opposes drug testing on welfare recipients. In conclusion, Dick Posthumus has helped Michigan throughout the years and will continue to do so if he is elected governor. He is a great representative and has great plans for Michigan. If he is elected Governor he will continue to make Michigan a better and safer place to live. ...

Essay on Republic or DemocracyEssay Writing Service

Essay on Republic or DemocracyEssay Writing Service Essay on Republic or Democracy Essay on Republic or DemocracyThe concept of republic and democracy were not absolutely identical and Founding Fathers’ vision of the US republic differed from the contemporary view of the US political system. The Founding Fathers selected the best way of the political development for the new nation and they choose republic, where the nation is ruled by laws and collegiate government. They also established the division of powers to balance different parties, which were likely to start struggling for power in the US. Instead, today, the US political system is driven by the democracy rather than by republican concerns of the Founding Fathers.In actuality, the development of the US democracy emerged on the ground of the division of powers and fundamental principles of the US political system established by the Founding Fathers. However, the Founding Fathers stood on the ground that the US should be the Republic ruled by the Congress, the main legislative body, the President, the head of the executive power, and the Supreme Court, the judicial branch of power. These three branches were supposed to regulate and control each other. In the course of time, the distribution of power remained within the framework determined by the US Constitution. However, the democracy has become representative and its impact became prior to the republican system established by the US Founding Fathers. The Founding Fathers attempted to establish clear regulations of the nation based on the relations between powers and people were the major source of power. The modern democracy has replaced the direct democracy by the representative democracy.Thus, the development of the US democracy shifted toward the representative democracy.

Definition and Discussion of Lexical-Function Grammar

Definition and Discussion of Lexical-Function Grammar In linguistics, lexical-functional grammar is a model of grammar that provides a framework for examining both morphological structures and syntactic structures. Also known as  psychologically realistic grammar. David W. Carroll notes that the major significance of lexical-functional grammar is the shunting of most of the explanatory burden onto the lexicon and away from transformational rules (Psychology of Language, 2008). The first collection of papers on the theory of lexical-functional grammar (LFG)Joan Bresnans The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relationswas published in 1982. In the years since, notes Mary Dalrymple, the growing body of work within the LFG framework has shown the advantages of an explicitly formulated, non-transformational approach to syntax, and the influence of this theory has been extensive (Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar). Examples and Observations In LFG, the structure of a sentence consists of two distinct formal objects: C[onstituent]-structure of the familiar kind plus a functional structure (or F-structure) which displays certain additional kinds of information. Most important in the F-structure is the labeling of grammatical relations like subject and object (these are called grammatical functions in LFG).The first part of the name reflects the fact that a great deal of work is done by the lexical entries, the dictionary part of the framework. Lexical entries are usually rich and elaborate, and each one inflected from a lexical item (such as write, writes, wrote, written and writing) has its own lexical entry. Lexical entries are responsible for dealing with many relations and processes handled by different machinery in other frameworks; an example is the voice contrast between actives and passives.(Robert Lawrence Trask and Peter Stockwell, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2007)Different Kin ds of StructuresA natural language utterance is rich in structures of different kinds: sounds form recurring patterns and morphemes, words form phrases, grammatical functions emerge from morphological and phrasal structure, and patterns of phrases evoke a complex meaning. These structures are distinct but related; each structure contributes to and constrains the structure of other kinds of information. Linear precedence and phrasal organization are related both to the morphological structure of words and to the functional organization of sentences. And the functional structure of a sentencerelations like subject-of, object-of, modifier-of, and so onis crucial to determining what the sentence means.Isolating and defining these structures and the relations between them is a central task of linguistics. . . .Lexical Functional Grammar recognizes two different kinds of syntactic structures: the outer, visible hierarchical organization of words into phrases, and the inner, more abstract hierarchical organization of grammatical functions into complex functional structures. Languages vary greatly in the phrasal organization they allow, and in the order and means by which grammatical functions are realized. Word order may be more or less constrained, or almost completely free. In contrast the more abstract functional organization of languages varies comparatively little: languages with widely divergent phrasal organization nevertheless exhibit subject, object, and modifier properties that have been well-studied by traditional grammarians for centuries.(Mary Dalrymple, John Lamping, Fernando Pereira, and Vijay Saraswat, Overview and Introduction. Semantics and Syntax in Lexical Functional Grammar: The Resource Logic Approach, ed. by Mary Dalrymple. The MIT Press, 1999) C(onstituent)-Structure and F(unctional) StructureLFG contains multiple parallel structures each modeling a different aspect of linguistic structure. The main syntactic structures are (c)onstituent-structure and f(unctional) structure . . .C-structure models the surface syntactic form of language: it is here that surface precedence and dominance relations are encoded. C-structures are phrase-structure trees, characterized by a particular form of X theory . . . designed to accommodate the large amount of phrase structure variation found cross-linguistically, from the relatively strict configurationality of languages like English to the more radically non-configurational languages of Australia. . .C-structures are always base-generated; there is no movement. . . . [T]he effect of movement is achieved by the fact that different c-structure positions can be mapped into the same f-structure via unification.The level of f-structure models grammatical relations. Unlike c-structures, which a re phrase structure keys, f-structures are attribute-value matrices. F-structure attributes may be grammatical functions (e.g. SUBJ, OBJ, COMP, also nonargument functions TOP(IC), FOC(US)), tense/aspect/mood categories (e.g. TENSE), functional nominal categories (e.g. CASE, NUM, GEND), or the predicate (semantic) attribute PRED. . . . The contents of f-structure come from the lexical items of the sentences themselves, or annotations on the nodes of the c-structure linking pieces of c-structure to parts of the f-structure.(Rachel Nordlinger and Joan Bresnan, Lexical-Functional Grammar: Interactions Between Morphology and Syntax. Non-Transformational Syntax: Formal and Explicit Models of Grammar, ed. by Robert D. Borsley and Kersti Bà ¶rjars. Blackwell, 2011) Alternate Spellings: Lexical-Functional Grammar (capitalized)

Career Trends Assignment (Restaurant and Hospitality Management) Coursework

Career Trends Assignment (Restaurant and Hospitality Management) - Coursework Example (3) Social trends is another factor that affects career growth where fads and shifts in social philosophies outlines which industries are more or less demanding career-wise .(4) Population affects career trends given that people of different age, gender and, education have varying demand of goods and services. On this, people are able to outline what jobs falls on the path for them to satisfy their demands. (5) Politics and economic factors outline policies that direct the flow of goods and services in the market, and inflation factors that affect hiring rates. (6) Life roles apart from being employed people play other roles in life e.g. parenting, student, or childhood. How we think about them may influence how we look at careers in general and how we make choice in our lives (All Star Directories, 2011). The above factors are important in career trends, especially in the hospitality industry. Hospitality industry being a day-to-day industry requires skilled and trained personnel to be involved. Economic globalization in this industry, where people of different cultures need our services, provides room for career growth in linguistics. New technology brings about more skilled personnel to embrace it in the industry (Jitendra, 2008). It creates career growth for persons to take a career path in adapting the new technology in this industry. Demographic here means that more people will have high demand for our services. Social trends in philosophies influence peoples’ habits. It opens new doors, example on emphasis on living a healthy life or taking rest will make people look for hotels where these factors are essential. Careers will be open for people to learn on how the philosophies affect the industry (Jitendra, 2008). There are a number of career trends in the hotel with predictable outcomes. First is where employers are raising the educational bar. This has made many colleges that use

The major problems that emerged from the fall of the wall for the Essay

The major problems that emerged from the fall of the wall for the newly united Germany - Essay Example Reflecting upon and referring to the events outlined in the lesson, this paper will give the writer’s opinion on what the major problems emerging from the fall of the wall were, and if and how they could have been avoided. The problems Germany faced after reunification arose from the initial causes of the division. Although it was clear by 1990 that both East and West Germany intended strongly to reunite into a common German federal republic, the most notable problems were political, economical and social. In East Germany, not only did the Party of Democratic Socialism undergo heavy defeat in the first free elections, but East Germany’s infrastructure and economy almost collapsed (Muller, Judd & Yzerbyt 2005). East Germany may have been considered the most vigorous economy in the Soviet bloc, but I think it’s economic near-collapse was a manifestation of its shaky and ill-planned communist foundations. Rather than gaining stability from its relative wealth, East Germany’s relative poverty destabilized it. There continued to be different mentalities between those from the East and those from the West. East Germans had been guaranteed the right to work, with 80 percent of its women employed, and outstanding childcare had been provided by the state. In contrast, the West, whose systems were driven by the markets, social services were continuously being cut and getting jobs was difficult. The reunion made it even more difficult for workers from East Germany to get jobs (although those who got them benefited greatly) because they had to adapt to new systems that rendered them insufficiently trained (Muller, Judd & Yzerbyt 2005). My opinion is that this was a consequence of the conception of two new identities which had no roots in the history of the country prior to 1949. Four decades of division had created a social problem in which West Germans (Wessis) were perceived by foreigners as well as most West

Global Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Trade - Essay Example th reference to the guardian, the governments will be in a position to pass international restrictions that protects domestic industries (The Guardian, pp. 1-3). Furthermore, the governments will be promoting national security. It will be a means of implementing a foreign policy targeting enemy states. According to Reimer, by intervening in trade, the governments are trying to adhere to the strategic trade policy (Reimer, pp. 1-50). By encouraging domestic employment, governments may raise their tariffs to influence trade. Additionally, they may use the strategic policies to mitigate influences of big corporations. It will be assisting growing companies domestically. Governments may raise taxes on goods that trade with enemy country to implement their foreign policies (Reimer, pp. 1-50). Trading in the past mostly dwelt in trade politics. Nowadays international trade has advanced and trade laws have replaced trade politics. Additionally, trade has transformed gradually till nowadays countries trade with a body called World Trade Organization supervising the activities. According to Pauwelny, trading system has developed from power based to rules based trade (Pauwelyn, pp. 1-20) Poverty is an issue that affects current global trading. The major cause of poverty is structural adjustments by the World Bank. Additionally, the loans to third world country are another issue in trade. The loans undermine developments and reduce trade

Conflict management and negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conflict management and negotiation - Essay Example In almost every task,preparation spells the difference whether the task has a big chance of being a success or coming out as a failure,A good plan means that the communicator is able profile the other person to acquire as much information as possible on how to interact with that person that would bring about the best results Furthermore, during the course of a conversation for negotiation or conflict management, a good communicator should be aware of the reaction of the other person. Just like Newton's Third Law of Physics, â€Å"for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction† (Bonito, 2004, p. 705). Reactions could range from verbal to non-verbal cues. After a conversation, the communicator should be able to reflect on the ways he or she is able to converse with the other person (Gross & Alberts, 2004, p.252). What went wrong? What was good? How can things be improved? Furthermore, a deeper reflection would have the communicator realize the many possibilities of how the words would be absorbed by the other person (Bonito, 2004, p. 706). Completing this process would eventually result in better communication skills for the person, particularly in terms of negotiation and conflict management. This paper aims to analyze the responses from the questionnaire and come up with a reflection on improving the weaknesses in the cognitive communication competence of the respondent. COGNITIVE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 2 Summary of Responses Planning Cognitions Questionnaire answers show that planning cognition is not the strongest ability of the respondent. However, it is also not weak. Diction, tone of voice, and facial expression appear to be the primary concern in approaching another person. â€Å"What the others are thinking or talking about?† appears to be the key question in the planning process. This is a safe approach because it shows that the respondent considers the other person before starting a conversation. The downside here is that the respondent could be considering the other person too much, which could affect the planning process. Modeling Cognitions Upon review of the responses, this appears to be one of the strengths of the respondent. The respondent shows a sharp skill in sizing up the situation and the reactions and responses of the people involved in the conversation. This is obvious in group conversations, where the respondent shows a great ability to detect whose approval to immediately gain in the group. There is some sort of a political sense at play during this process, where the respondent is smooth in the subtle skill of â€Å"divide and conquer.† Presence Cognitions This appears to be one of the respondent's strengths in communication and negotiation. The respondent is able to proactively think of the next step even before everyone else has moved forward. This stems from the respondents ability to size up the environment and the people involved in the conversation. Rebuttals to arguments are almost non-existent, because they are answered before they are even expressed. The respondent also knows how to inject his/her COGNITIVE COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE 4 position by subtle control of the flow of conversation. Reflection Cognitions The respondent shows a need for improvement in this area. After every conversation, a thorough reflection of what occurred should immediately follow. This would ensure a better interaction the next time he or she encounters the same people, especially if about the same topic. Moreover, the respondent should also reflect on the image he or she is able to portray to others. No process is perfect as it is, and a constant desire to learn from what has transpired is a good characteristic for continuous development. Consequence

Choices for Capital Structure for Firms Undergoing Merger Essay

Choices for Capital Structure for Firms Undergoing Merger - Essay Example The essay "Choices for Capital Structure for Firms Undergoing Merger" discusses the importance given to the propositions made by Modigliani and Miller when there are instances, such as mergers and acquisitions between two companies, which require raising new capital or reshuffling the existing capital structure. The understanding of the propositions presented by Modigliani and Miller reveals that there are four different outcomes which resulted from continuous research conducted in the late 50s and early 60s. At the beginning, Modigliani and Miller presented the first proposition which established that in the presence of certain conditions the choice of the capital structure of a firm, which comprises of proportions of debt and equity, does not have any impact on the overall value of that firm. The next proposition, which is the second one, puts forward the idea that the extent to which a firm leverages its business does not affect the WACC (weighted average cost of capital) of that firm. In other words, this idea proposed that the cost of capital, i.e. the equity based capital, is directly related to a linear function to the capital structure of the firm, i.e. the debt to equity ratio. The third theorem or proposition established that whatever may be the dividend policy of a firm, the market value is not affected by it. Lastly, the fourth proposition holds that the shareholders of a firm are not interested in the financial policies of their firm. Therefore, think of the firm as a gigantic tub of whole milk... The understanding of the propositions presented by Modigliani and Miller (1958) reveals that there are four different outcomes which resulted from continuous research conducted in late 50s and early 60s (Modigliani and Miller 1958, Modigliani and Miller 1963). At the beginning, Modigliani and Miller (1958) presented the first proposition which established that in the presence of certain conditions the choice of the capital structure of a firm, which comprises of proportions of debt and equity, does not have any impact on the overall value of that firm (Villamil 2006, Modigliani and Miller 1958). The next proposition, which is the second one, puts forward the idea that the extent to which a firm leverages its business does not affect the WACC (weighted average cost of capital) of that firm. In other words, this idea proposed that the cost of capital, i.e. the equity based capital, is directly related in a linear function to the capital structure of the firm, i.e. the debt to equity ra tio. The third theorem or proposition established that whatever may be the dividend policy of a firm, the market value is not affected by it. Lastly, the fourth proposition holds that the shareholders of a firm are not interested in the financial policies of their firm (Villamil 2006, Modigliani and Miller 1958). In order to explain the concepts underlying the propositions, Miller (1991) presented a simple example for the purpose of explaining the same. As per Miller (1991), â€Å"Think of the firm as a gigantic tub of whole milk. The farmer can sell the whole milk as it is. Or he can separate out the cream, and sell it at a considerably higher price than the

Online Auction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Online Auction - Essay Example Online auction and especially via the eBay entails one to watch the bids besides being prompt when responding to the buyers’ questions via the emails. Close watching by the seller especially on the bidding process may be extremely vital because one to increase buyers’ interests may decide to make adjustments on the uploaded images or information. Before closing, the seller can eliminate some of the buyers based on the mode of payments or those who emanating from the states one cannot ship the products to their destinations. The final step encompasses packing and shipment of the product to the intended buyer. This step is extremely sensitive because the seller ought to respond to the buyers’ questions with the necessary promptness besides settling eBay’s invoices. ii. It provides security not only to the buyers but also to sellers (Vassou, 2008). eBay acts as mediator especially in the cases of a problematic buyer who may intend to be mischievous during transaction processes (Vassou, 2008). ii. eBay is inflexible especially in terms of the payments, which both the transacting sides ought to accept or use. In most times, this prevents buyers from owning what they want and can afford (Hsieh,

Choices for Capital Structure for Firms Undergoing Merger Essay

Choices for Capital Structure for Firms Undergoing Merger - Essay Example The essay "Choices for Capital Structure for Firms Undergoing Merger" discusses the importance given to the propositions made by Modigliani and Miller when there are instances, such as mergers and acquisitions between two companies, which require raising new capital or reshuffling the existing capital structure. The understanding of the propositions presented by Modigliani and Miller reveals that there are four different outcomes which resulted from continuous research conducted in the late 50s and early 60s. At the beginning, Modigliani and Miller presented the first proposition which established that in the presence of certain conditions the choice of the capital structure of a firm, which comprises of proportions of debt and equity, does not have any impact on the overall value of that firm. The next proposition, which is the second one, puts forward the idea that the extent to which a firm leverages its business does not affect the WACC (weighted average cost of capital) of that firm. In other words, this idea proposed that the cost of capital, i.e. the equity based capital, is directly related to a linear function to the capital structure of the firm, i.e. the debt to equity ratio. The third theorem or proposition established that whatever may be the dividend policy of a firm, the market value is not affected by it. Lastly, the fourth proposition holds that the shareholders of a firm are not interested in the financial policies of their firm. Therefore, think of the firm as a gigantic tub of whole milk... The understanding of the propositions presented by Modigliani and Miller (1958) reveals that there are four different outcomes which resulted from continuous research conducted in late 50s and early 60s (Modigliani and Miller 1958, Modigliani and Miller 1963). At the beginning, Modigliani and Miller (1958) presented the first proposition which established that in the presence of certain conditions the choice of the capital structure of a firm, which comprises of proportions of debt and equity, does not have any impact on the overall value of that firm (Villamil 2006, Modigliani and Miller 1958). The next proposition, which is the second one, puts forward the idea that the extent to which a firm leverages its business does not affect the WACC (weighted average cost of capital) of that firm. In other words, this idea proposed that the cost of capital, i.e. the equity based capital, is directly related in a linear function to the capital structure of the firm, i.e. the debt to equity ra tio. The third theorem or proposition established that whatever may be the dividend policy of a firm, the market value is not affected by it. Lastly, the fourth proposition holds that the shareholders of a firm are not interested in the financial policies of their firm (Villamil 2006, Modigliani and Miller 1958). In order to explain the concepts underlying the propositions, Miller (1991) presented a simple example for the purpose of explaining the same. As per Miller (1991), â€Å"Think of the firm as a gigantic tub of whole milk. The farmer can sell the whole milk as it is. Or he can separate out the cream, and sell it at a considerably higher price than the

The Roots of His Lingering Indecision Essay Example for Free

The Roots of His Lingering Indecision Essay If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain, To tell my story. (V. 2. 289-292) The tragedy of Hamlet does not only reveal Shakespeare’s remarkable skill as a playwright but it serves as a commentary of how he proclaims the complexity of the human mind. And even in the subject of death, he succeeds in conveying death as not just an element of tragedy, but as a showcase of complex emotions of the bereaved. In Hamlet, the â€Å"outward form† that consists of the thesis of ghostly malevolence and the use of irony in the dramatic integrity of which could not be sacrificed to preconceived Hamlet’s personality patterns and motifs (Wilson-Knight, 1963). Hamlet’s unpredictable character and ambivalent behavior compel its readers to contemplate much about the heros sanity. His personality, during the course of the play, leads us to believe that Hamlet only feigned his madness. Hamlet is a man disgusted with the repulsiveness of life around him and is obligated to set things straight. Under the guise of madness he attempts to fulfill revenge, yet the discussion does not stop there. Did Hamlet really succeed in being a good actor that he fooled everyone into believing in his madness or was he truly mad? Why did he wait so long to carry out his revenge? Did Hamlet pondered too much and this drove him to an insanity that was indeed real? In Act 2 Scene 2, we could read Hamlet speaking to himself. He wishes that he were able to act like the actor who performed the speech for him. Indecision has subdued Hamlet in forgoing the revenge the murder of his father on Claudius or keeping silent due to uncertainty about whether Claudius really killed his father. This is why he decides to try and make the players enact the murder scene as it was described to him by the ghost of his father. Hamlet is hoping that Claudius, when he sees the scene, will reveal himself as the true murderer of King Hamlet: I have heard that guilty creatures sitting at a play / Have by the very cunning of the scene / Been struck so to the soul that presently / The have proclaimed their malefactions (II. 2. 566-569). By watching Claudius when the actors perform this scene, Hamlet expects to discover whether the ghost told him the truth. Shakespeare creates such a vague situation which makes this character more intriguing. As a result of the ambiguity given throughout this play, many might argue for or against the idea that Hamlets antic disposition put on as a facade to mislead the royal family. This pales in contrast with the disposition of Hamlets lunatic mind. In other words, Hamlet might in fact really suffered insanity. Proof could be derived from Hamlets erratic mood changes, careless slaughter of those not directly involved in the murder of his father and his dealings with the ghost of his father. Many critics believe that Hamlet faked his insanity to conceal his real feelings and to divert attention from his task of revenge. Other critics assert that Hamlet hopes that Claudius, thinking him mad, will lower his guard and reveal his guilt in Hamlets presence. With his troubled life, Hamlet embraces the fools, Claudius, Gertrude, Polonius, Ophelia and the ghost, and the mirror in which they all are reflected in Hamlet’s consciousness. The play exhibited the â€Å"fine intensification and enlargement of the theme of death; and in end the images which make dramatization possible are significant (Wilson-Knight, 1963). Due to his turbulent emotions which result from his indecision on how to respond to his fathers murder, he then thrived in isolation from society. Ill wipe away all trivial fond records, All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past And thy commandment all alone shall live Within the book and volume of my brain, Unmixed with baser matter. (I. 5. 99-104) A tragic hero, Hamlet largely determines his own fate, similar to Sophocles’ Oedipus and Shakespeare’s own King Lear. An extraordinarily complex young man—intuitive, accomplished, sensitive, noble, philosophic and reckless, Hamlet is a larger-than-life character. Thus, his tragedy rooted from these ill-defined â€Å"excesses† of personality. Hamlet’s emotional side is obviously evident from the beginning: At the plays opening he is portrayed to be consumed by anguish and shock even before he sees the ghost. In his first soliloquy, he even expressed the wish that suicide was acceptable. Also, Wilson-Knight (1963) averred that by establishing a dominant motif of disease and corruption and skillfully developing it through a series of carefully chosen interlaces, always present in moments of dramatic and moral tension, he enhances the genre and provides a structure suggesting macrocosmic and microcosmic horror. How the ghost contributes to irony implicit in that analogy must be investigating by first dialectically proving malevolence. A deeper understanding of the conflicts that hound the character of Hamlet and his turbulent emotions exemplifies the complex reactions of humans towards the issue of death. The approach taken by Shakespeare in Hamlet has generated countless different interpretations of death, but it is through Hamlets struggle to confront his internal dilemma that he himself dies at the end, fulfilling his duty as a son and his duty to society, by purging the corrupt from the monarchy and avenging his father’s death. However, we all know that death is never the end, it is only the beginning. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. In Kirszner Mandell (ed. ), Portable Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing, 5th ed. , Boston: Thomson/Wadsworth Publishers, 2003, p. 722-827. Wilson Knight, G. The Wheel of Fire. New York: Meridian Books, 1963.

Network Upgrade for Walgreens Boots Alliances Business

Network Upgrade for Walgreens Boots Alliances Business Question 1 (20 marks) a) i) I have drawn a Systems map for the Network Upgrade for Walgreens Boots Alliances European Business. I have picked key subjects as sub systems such as Customers, Contracts, Network (subbed into Improvements, access technologies and Traffic) and the Transformation Programme itself. I grouped them in this way; as the network upgrade formed the main part of the IT transformation programme which affects the Customers (Stores, centres, etc). I included the Customers Changing Health and Beauty Needs in the environment as these do not form part of the system; but only influence it. By drawing the systems map I could see how many components needed to work together to produce an interconnected project to upgrade to a new IT system; thus showing the structure. ii)  I changed the Systems map into a T-O-P diagram, forming new groups and subjects which suited technologies, organisations and people. I grouped companies into the organisation area, subgrouping them into other organisations. The technology area utilizes the Access Technologies part of the systems map, and the people area shows any influences in the case study from a person perspective. By drawing the T-O-P diagram I could see how many components needed to work together to produce an interconnected project to upgrade to a new IT system. It shows a simple framework of the components of a sociotechnical IT system. b) In about 150 words describe a key element of ETHICS which could have been applied when analysing the IT system described in the case study. ETHICS is all about participation. The Walgreens Boots Alliance has a strategy and programme in place to create a suitable network infrastructure; however I believe that there wasnt any participation from end users or employees at the consultancy phase. The users could have given BT useful information and feedback regarding the current systems in place for customer service; thus participating in its design with technical and organisational aspects. The case study does not display or mention any information regarding any input from the companys employees. Establishing a design group at the beginning of the project with representatives from Boots, Alliance Healthcare and BT; including employees from different sections, grades and sex would put the project in a good starting position and show an element of ETHICS in operation. A management change process should have been followed with formal documentation and signatures from various representatives to give the best sociotechnical solution for the system. [153 words] c) In about 150 words, suggest and describe at least three issues of power between at least three of the key stakeholders in this IT system. I have identified three stakeholders; these being Emer Timmons for BT, Erwin van Vroenhoven for Walgreens and the Customers themselves. Emer Timmons (BT) has the power over the whole of the Walgreens Boots Alliance as he will set the strategy and the connectivity mediums for new technologies. Erwin van Vroenhoven for Walgreens has the power over Alliance Healthcare and Boots to show the strategy of the alliance and is driving digital innovation for its future. The customers are a significant stakeholder as they are the ones on the reciving end of the Technology and organisational changes of the alliance. The customer service is a key component to all the change and the customer has some power in defining the direction this moves in. The ever changing needs of a customer also influence the alliances strategy. [135 words] Question 2 (20 marks) a) METHOD is a process to accomplish a task with a systematic approach. For any successful Information Technology system; a clear vision is required with a precise method to implement it and a logical installation plan. Put simply a method can assist an initial idea or thought into a reality. Method is extremely important with linking the idea to a reality and is the central focus point of an IT project. Method needs to be capable of adapting, planned and designed in order for it to be a successful for an IT project. b) Making use of Agile, Multiview or SSM, suggest, in no more than 400 words, how this particular method could be applied to a specific project which you are familiar with, either from personal experience or from the literature. In our company department we developed a piece of software using a database for high level planning (like a KANBAN style). Our team felt like each individual did not what each other was doing in a broader scale and looking at the bigger picture. We could use an AGILE method based approach to develop the software tool, we would review it, have feedback meetings, make changes, and follow a development cycle in order to get the planning tool we require. Without this; the tool could be designed incorrectly and not focus on the users needs. The AGILE method focusses on people; and not technology and processes; showing that full participation if vital for its success. This AGILE diagram taken from the adfkickstart.com (1) website; shows the basic process cycle that could be adopted for our software tool. References (1)adfkickstart. (2012). Agile Methodology. Available: http://www.adfkickstart.com/agile-methodology. Last accessed 7/2/2017. Development stages would be the initial building of the tool with added functionalities with input from our team. The software would then but put on our live production system for feedback and a review stage. The software would be either accepted or rejected. If the software is rejected, any changes would be recorded in a management of change process with adjustments and features determined. Any further requirements would be taken onboard and follow the same cycle until the release of the software is met again. If the software is accepted then this would be the live and released version of the software. This AGILE cycle would fit in with us for a number of reasons. It is difficult to predict the number of changes in the software requirements as well as the priorities. We did not know how much design work was needed and we did not know the amount of required time for analysis, design, construction and testing. Using AGILE, we could focus on the users need; using initial meetings and consultation before developing a beta version.   The AGILE method of work could give us this initial consultation and development we required; and its method is very useful for small scale software projects which are not mission critical. AGILE is ideal for proof of concept and not a large scale project; and could help our team with this planning tool very nicely. The idea was for the tool to be shared around other offices for high level planning and eventually get it developed by a software company to make it more rigid and standardised. The AGILE method could let us improve our application, getting the end users feedback and ideas to re-engineer it and improve upon it to get a good experience for our department. [435 words] Question 3 (20 marks) a) An example of a system with Series reliability could be a circuit breaker and the electrical sockets on a ring main in a household. The circuit breaker can trip shut if it detects a problem with the circuit, which in turn stops all connected electrical sockets on that ring main to stop working. An example of a system with Parallel reliability could be a set of water pumps at a power station where the first pump is set to run with maybe a couple of extra pumps on auto standby. If the first pump fails or does not generate the desired water pressure, a standby pump would start to make up the pressure. Here is a reliability diagram for three components with reliability 0.92, 0.90 and 0.85 in parallel. =1 ((1 0.920) x (1 0.900) x (1 0.850)) = 1 (0.08 x 0.1 x 0.15) =1 0.0012 = 0.9988 =0.999 to 3 sf This would mean the reliability of the system in parallel would be 0.999 to 3 sf. b) If a system has a mean time between failures (MTBF) of 1500 hours and a mean time to repair (MTTR) of 5 hours, what is its availability to two decimal places? Show your working. (2 marks) The availability A = MTBF / (MTBF + MTTR) A = 1500/1505 =0.99667 Or A = 1.00 to 2dp So the system is available 1.00 to 2dp c) In 200 words, explain why a system using two independently designed components can still fail. Independently designed components in could still lead to a failure in a system. A system with independent components will need to be designed and specified correctly with compatibility and security features. If this is done incorrectly or the design has a fatal flaw; this could still lead to failure if a certain set of conditions are met. It can often be lots of small pieces in a bigger picture that can lead to a system failure. If the design of the independent components is done correctly but an error has been made with software coding, firmware vulnerability or even a cyber security attack; the system could still face a failure. Coding is especially an issue with human interaction; leading to mistakes in the code and resulting in a malfunction of the system. Human interaction in general is a major failure point of even multiple independent components of systems; prime examples of this can be seen in the aircraft industry with the human interaction of alarms and displays. Outside influences such as cyber security threats / attacks could lead to failure of individual components; or even something such with infrastructure such as a power outage / blackout. [196 words] Question 4 (20 marks) a) Explain the main features of Daniel Soloves privacy model. You should write no more than 100 words for this part of the question, and may include a diagram. Daniel Soloves privacy model divides privacy into four distinct ideas; these being information collecting, information processing, information dissemination and privacy invasion. Information processing is the surveillance or interrogation of the data subject itself. This would extract some information or data which can be used for processing. Information processing is about the storage and misuse of the data; using the data for secondary use and even excluding the data from the data subject. Information dissemination is all about how the data is viewed; if the data use is misinterpreted wrong conclusions can be drawn from the data and the users purpose for it. Privacy invasion is about the intrusion into peoples lives; the user may or may not be aware of the intrusion. Soloves model can be shown graphically this diagram References Jon Neiditz . (2016). Your Privacy Force Field for the Internet of Things. Available: http://datalaw.net/my-privacy-solution-for-the-internet-of-things/. Last accessed 05/02/2017. [130 words] b) Explain three important challenges to privacy that someone involved in building or operating an IT system should be aware of. What would you conclude are the implications of these challenges for a systems administrator? You should write no more than 100 words for this part of the question. The first for an IT system is its overall complexity. Any user of the IT system will quickly realise how diverse and complicated a system can be with regards to privacy such as data, users, policies, etc. Secondly; much of the data involved on the IT system has data collection, data processing, and invasion of privacy which is completely invisible to us. We do not know that is processing in the background and dont have control of it. Last of all; technological development with ever increasing social media applications and more smartphones (mobile) constantly changes the playing field regarding privacy and security. In conclusion ensuring the security of systems can be extremely difficult and complex. [115 words] c) Draft a note to your member of parliament explaining your support for, or your concerns about, the proposed legislation. With the aid of Daniel Soloves analysis, focus your arguments on the governments nothing to hide claims. Outline two key reasons that Solove suggests the nothing to hide argument has nothing to say, and explain why you agree or disagree with him and the governments approach with their CAT Act. Note to parliament I am very concerned about the proposed CAT legislation. Your nothing to Hide claim is fraught with danger; using a Daniel Solove analysis I dont need to justify my position. You need to justify yours. Come back with a warrant. The nothing to hide argument is focussing on 2 key elements; these being the disclosure of personal data or surveillance.   What if the data collected is mistakenly identified as a criminal activity, or what if the data is leaked or stolen? The gartering of this data is distorted, as it will only pickup certain activities or traits; not looking at the bigger picture of the whole person. I agree with Daniel Solove that the nothing to hide argument has nothing to say as it is too narrowly focussed on small pieces of privacy aspects. I think that the government should reconsider its position with pursuing this act. M.Hermann [150 words] d) Review your notes from the audio interviews with security experts Ross Anderson, Richard Clayton, Bruce Schneier and Duncan Campbell (see Block 2 Part 4, Section 4.5 Using those notes and your contribution to your tutor group forum (see Activity 4.15), explain whether each of the four might be in favour of or concerned about a law such as the CAT Act outlined in question 4(c). You should write no more than 250 words for this part of the question, including extracts from your contributions to the tutor forums. Your answer to this question should be no more than 600 words in total, plus one diagram. Anderson states that people should be treat as humans with decency and respect; not just a raw material of data. He believes that data collected from people should   have a consultation and feedback. Andersonb would be behind an act such as CAT; as long as there is some open honesty from governments. Schneier is concerned that our mobile devices and gadgets give away lots of information and that surveillance by governments and commerce is dangerous. He believes that the security services are protecting us from the bad guys using cyber security techniques; however he also believes that they are compromising our communications infrastructure. I believe that Schneier would be strongly against a law such as the CAT act. Clayton suggests that information used, should have some transparency. He says that users should be able to make the decision signing up to services that collect data. Clayton points out about the power of metadata in preventing or solving crimes, however he also compares privacy and freedom. I believe Clayton would be against the CAT act law. Campbell has had first-hand experience with government surveillance; which led him to hi being prosecuted unfairly. Campbell believes the government has lost touch by operating in its own little world. I think Campbell even with his own experiences would be behind an act such as CAT; however it would have to be ethical and regulated properly. Question 5 (20 marks) a) Using your response to Block 2 Part 5, Activity 5.4 as a prompt, put forward two arguments for, and two arguments against, the use of professional codes of ethics. (4 marks) An organisations code of ethics show the overview of the integrity of the business by having core values. Cultures within companies that have built up ethical business practices engage stakeholders and gain trust with working relationships. A positive environment in the workplace is gained among employees inside the company; and also externally, trust gives a company good relationships with communities, customers and suppliers. However; having a code of ethics does not necessarily mean that a companys work place will adhere to it. There is no point in having a code of ethics that is not adhered to and engaged with. It is up to a companys management and workplace to collaborate, educate and maintain conduct in their roles and responsibilities. To add to this if a code of ethics does not have enough clear defined information, not installed and followed correctly or it is implemented in the wrong manner; a code of ethics can have a negative effect for the purpose it was intended for. [165 words] b) To which of the normative ethical perspectives that were introduced in Block 2 Part 5, Section 5.2.3 do the following statements relate? i.Virtue lies in taking the middle path between two vices. ii.The greatest good for the greatest number. iii.Some actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of the consequences. (3 marks) i.Virtue lies in taking the middle path between two vices.- Virtue Ethics ii.The greatest good for the greatest number.- Consequentialist Ethics iii.Some actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of the consequences.- Non-consequentialist Ethics c) Using your response to Block 2 Part 5, Activity 5.12(a) as a prompt, summarise the arguments for and against the proposition that organisations can be viewed as corporate actors rather than simply an organised groups of individuals. (6 marks) Organisations (these being groups that are organised for a common goal or purpose) can reach collective decision; however the opinion and ideas of individual can differ from these of the collective. A collective or group could be held responsible for any decisions

Essay --

Although Eichendorff’s story displays religious elements, the pious facets take on a different form than in Psyche. In â€Å"The Marble Statue†, Sunday remains a holy day where evil subsides. God and Satan manifest into the metaphysical through characters, settings, and motifs. Fortunato is a pure character directing Florio towards the path of the righteous man while Donati is a sinister man leading the boy into temptation. The seductress is the embodiment of evil while Bianca is the good. The aspect of religion is demonstrated in a more direct manner in Psyche. The artist abandons a life of art to become a brethren of the covenant where it is proclaimed the Goddess of Art is â€Å"a witch who carries towards vanity, towards earthly pleasure†. The good and evil is left to interpretation in â€Å"The Marble Statue† while religion in Andersen's tales contains a straightforward portrayal of faith and sin. Florio and the artist are guilty of violating the same deadly sin: Socordia, or sloth. While sloth has been characterized as physical laziness, an emphasis is placed on spiritual apathy. It is related to melancholy and considered as â€Å"willful refusal to enjoy goodness of God†. Fortunato tells Florio â€Å"There are too many nice, gentle young people, particularly ones in love, who are determined to be unhappy. . .get out into God’s fresh morning air† and if the problem is not solved then it must be the â€Å"devils work†(Eichendorff 145). By the 17th century, the Christian cardinal sin of sloth was defined as the failure to apply one's talents and failing to do what one should. By this definition, the evil is within the young artist as he abstains from utilizing his ability. His old friend Angelo reveals this by exclaiming, â€Å"Why you have sinned against god ... ...has seen her before. The relationships the two protagonist have with those around them can somewhat be mirrored. Their closest companions are the voice of reason. As the young artist is about to smash his marble statue into a thousand pieces his friend Angelo holds him back calling him crazy. His friend sees the talent God has blessed the artist with and is frustrated as his lack of ambition to let the world see his creation. Even after the monotonous years passed of the young artists life, Angelo scorns him for throwing away his gift. Florio’s guiding light is his friend Fortunato. He introduces him to Bianca and bids he go out to pray. When Florio is spending his last moments with the seductress, he runs out of the castle and is saved by Fortunato’s music playing in the distance. The two companions in each story try to help the men recognize their true potentional.

Airport Security and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) E

Abstract Through the history of aviation the importance of airport security has steadily increased. Since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, many changes have taken place at airports to prevent such an attack from occurring again. The purpose of this paper is to: outline airport security procedures, discuss the different technologies involved with airport security, as well as examine the components of airport security. In addition I will also discuss the Transportation Security Administration’s role in our nation’s airport security. Airport Security   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Airport Security is a necessity of Life both in America and through out the world. Without airport security our airports would not be able to function and terrorist attacks resembling those of September 11th, 2001, would be more common place. Passengers would be afraid to fly in fear of such a terrorist attack happening again. The airline industry would lose more revenue from lost ticket sales. Then the airports themselves would lose money from the lack of passengers boarding through their gates. Finally this lack of security would trickle down to the entire economy not only in the communities surrounding the airport and aviation industry, but to the nation’s economy as well. To keep this economic failure associated with another terrorist attack from happening, our nation must take the appropriate measures to prevent it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Airport security procedures are designed to deter, prevent, and respond to criminal acts that may affect safety and security of the traveling public† Wells and Young (2004, p. 280). In order for this to happen, airports must become more proactive instead of reactive to possible threats such as: hijacking, explosive devices on aircraft or any other possible criminal act that could happen aboard an aircraft. To accomplish President George W. Bush signed into effect the Aviation and Transportation security Act, on November 19th, 2001. This act was a result of the September 11th, 2001, terrorist attacks, and from this act the Transportation Security Administration was formed. Transportation Security Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of the TSA is to protect all of the nation’s transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce. Commercial aviation has been a long-standing target for terrorists. Since the tragic attacks of September 11, 2001, subst... ...om key entry to combination locks, to advanced identification authentication machines. Security lighting may also be used to aid in perimeter security. It is located and around heavy traffic areas, aircraft service areas, as well as other operations and maintenance areas. Patrolling by airport security and staff as well as local law enforcement agencies may also be used to secure the perimeter around an airport.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper has covered the many different aspects of airport security. It is important to keep in mind that procedures, regulations, and technology associated with airport security are in a state of constant change. However, it is through these changes that our nation’s airports will show a steady improvement towards the safety and security of the passengers that visit them. References Transportation Security Administration. (2004, February 20). Capps II at a glance. Retrieved from Transportation Security Administration Web Site: http://www.tsa.gov/public/display?theme=5&content0900051980088d91 Wells, A. T., & Young, S. B. (2004). Airport Security ch. 8. In L. Hagar (Ed.), Airport Planning and Management (5 ed., pp. 279-307). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Explaining the role of effective communication Essay

There are wide ranges of ways that communication can take place for example one to one conversations, group conversations. This can either be informal or formal depending on the individual’s outcome. An example of effective communication that can take place in a health and social care setting is a hospital, for example a nurse and her colleague are talking about how much they enjoy their jobs, and this is a form of effective communication. One- To –One communication – A one to one happens when a person speaks to a individual, or writes to the individual to form effective communication. In a one to one communication, it is always effective as both of the people in the one to one work together effectively and interacts well, as both individuals are relaxed and are listening to each other, in a result the communication works effectively and both parties leave with a resolved matter and everything is positive. One to one communication can be formal or informal. An formal one to one communication can take place in a GP, where the patient is discussing their personal problem with the Doctor and the doctor is helping the individual out with their problem, this is part of effective communication as the one to one interacting is working effectively. An informal one to one communication, can take place in a health and social care setting, where two colleagues are on their lunch break and are discussing about how their day has gone so far and etc. ,this is a part of effective communication as both parties are interacting effectively. Group communication – In a group communication, there is often more going on as it is a wide range of people within the group. During the group communication, each individual will try and get their points and ideas across to the people within the group and the rest will listen and be considerate towards the person speaking. That is a way of effective group communication, as the interacting between the group is working well and effectively. A group communication can be a great benefit, as it’s easier to make decisions and problem solving a ituation as you have various people giving different views and feedback to a matter, and that’s a great way of effective communication. A group communication can include multi- professional working, multi-agency, which happens with professionals and people using services. A multi-professional working involves numerous professionals working together in order to meet the needs of an individual. This will include doctor, police, an d social worker to meet the needs of a young adult in a bad situation. Multi-agency is when different organisations work together effectively to the best possible service to families, children and young people. Formal communication Formal communication is a form of communication used by professional to communicate with clients and individuals. This form of communication is important because it shows the professional is showing professionalism within the work their doing to deliver the best possible care for the individual as well as the communication working effectively. An example of formal communication can be, ‘ good morning Sir/Mrs, this shows respect towards the individual. It is important not to use jargon or slang whilst communication formally, because you will come across as you’re not serious about your work, and also the client my not be pleased, also jargon can be a barrier because it can affect the communication between the client and professional due to not understand the technical words. Informal communication Informal communication is a casual exchange or letter that doesn’t follow to all of the rules of formal communication. It’s like saying â€Å"hey† instead of hello and also writing to your friend and talking about personal things. These are things you’d never do in a business environment because it can be considered as formal communication. Informal communication is good way of communication as it can make a individual more relaxed and effective as it’s more easier and complex for the person to interact, as they don’t have to worry about being proper and correct. Interpersonal interaction Interpersonal interaction is how people relate towards each other in a verbal nteraction or non-verbal interaction. Verbal interactions include speech, tone of somebody’s voice, listening and language. Non-verbal interactions include a person’s body language and the way they express it for example their posture, facial expression and their proximity. Interpersonal communication can take place in a health and social care setting, for example: at a care home, there is a new career and she does not speak English properly, so therefore it is hard for her to interact with the residents, which makes this is a language barrier. P2 – Argyle’s Theory of the Communication Cycle Michael Argyle is a social psychologist who developed theories about interpersonal interaction and human communication. He carried out experimental theories of non-verbal and verbal communication to develop and test he’s theoretical ideas. He has a communication cycle which explains and predicts how communication can occur in a one to one situation. 1. An idea occurs. A resident wants to go to the library and is trying to convince her carer. 2. Message coded. She talks to her carer about the books she used to read and how much she misses reading them. 3. Message sent. The carer says to the resident, ‘what was your favourite book’ this shows the message is sent and the carer understands what the resident is talking about. 4. Message received. Now the carer know what the resident’s favourite book is the resident is happy and is smiling. 5. Message decoded. Then the carer says to her resident would you like me to take you to the library so we can have a look if they have your favourite book and other books your interested in? 6. Message understood. Here the resident is happy and so is the carer because now they both understand each and the communication between the two has worked effectively. Bruce Tuckman defined a model of group development based around numerous stages, sequences or group activity. Tuckman suggested that these stages should happen in order for effective communication to occur in the groups interaction as well as the four stages being completely different. Forming –it is the start of the year and new infants have started the nursery, they tend to be shy and well reserved as they are not used to each other. Storming – as they start to settle in for about a month, they because more comfortable and relaxed with each other, in some cases this might not happen, someone would want to be dominant out of the bunch and this may cause conflict between the infants. Norming – in this stage everyone had built a strong bond between each other, and is working together well. Performing – in this final result the infants become mature and tend to realise that working together effectively can be a positive thing. M1 – Assess the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care with reference to theories of communication. The roles of effective communication in a health and social care setting, is to ensure that if communication with a resident, you must make sure to talk clearly and slowly, face to face make sure the person understands you and you’ve got your message across in the right way, in order for the communication to work effectively. The types of reference to communication are sign language, makaton and braille. These are part of effective communication as they are used by people with a hearing or blind impairment and leaning difficulties in order for them to communicate with others around them. Effective communication is a two-way process in which a person tries to understand the viewpoint of the other person. Communication is a cycle because when two people communicate they will need to make sure that they got their ideas across towards each other and they are understood. There are also barriers that can occur in a communication due the individual’s circumstance, for example: a person using slang, jargon o complex technical terminology can be heard, but their message may not be understood. Scenario I’m going to give a scenario between doctor and a patient, showing communication working effectively. Nurse : did you rest well last night Mrs Jones? Patient: yes I did nurse, I’m feeling slight better. Nurse: that’s a great improvement then, I’m glad you are. Patient: thank you very much nurse. Nurse: I am always here to help my dear. This is a very good way of effective communication, as the nurse and patient are interacting well and both parties are happy as they have understood each other. References (http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/informal-communication. html) (http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_is_formal_communication_in_business_organization)